The TCP/IP suite of
protocols provides a set of standards for how operating systems and
applications communicates and how networks are interconnected. The
TCP/IP suite of protocols maps to a four-layer conceptual model known
as the Department of Defense (DOD) model. The four layers are as
follows:
Network Access Layer –
The network access layer is responsible for placing data on the
network medium and receiving data off the network medium. This layer
contains physical devices such as network cables and network
adapters.
Internet Layer –
The internet layer is responsible for addressing, packaging, and
routing the data that is handed down to it from the transport layer.
There are four core products in this layer: IP Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), and
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
Transport Layer –
The transport layer protocols provide communication sessions between
computers. The desired method of data delivery determines the
transport protocol. The two transport layer protocols are TCP and
User Datagram Protocol(UDP).
Application Layer –
At the top of the model is the application layer, in which
applications gain access to the network. There are many standard
TCP/IP tools and services in the application layer, such as File
Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet, Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP), DNA, and so on.
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